In capital punishment, failure is a feature

In his 1975 book, “Systemantics,” John Gall hypothesizes that complex systems tend to fail, and not because of bad intentions, incompetent operators, or a few correctable defects. Organizations and other human-made systems develop unanticipated behaviors that often thwart their intended purposes. As we begin to recognize these tendencies toward failure, we assume that a new, […]