A 1,000-mile cloud on Mars may reveal physics never seen in nature

On Earth, clouds usually form when water vapor creates droplets or ice crystals in the presence of tiny particles, such as dust or salt. The new study, published in Nature Geoscience, instead suggests AMEC could be forming through so-called homogeneous nucleation, where vapor changes directly into ice crystals on its own without any help from debris. “It’s akin to droplets of condensation appearing in the middle of a room, rather than on a window,” Hernández-Bernal explained. “It’s wholly unexpected.” This phenomenon requires extreme conditions—a sharp temperature drop of 30° Celsius within 10 minutes and high relative humidity. The Arsia Mons volcano also plays a key role. When wind current hits the 65,000-foot-tall volcano, it creates a powerful wave that launches moist air high in the atmosphere in a matter of minutes. Scientists have assumed a similar phenomenon could occur in the upper atmospheres of other planets, including Venus and even Earth, but it has never been observed. That’s not too surprising given the extreme air humidity required for this phenomenon, which is more than 100,000 times greater than any value measured on Earth. Before this modeling, it was not known that these humidity levels existed on Mars either. “We don’t have nearly as much information about Mars’ atmosphere as we do about Earth’s, so reproducing the AMEC to this degree is a big success,” said Hernández-Bernal, adding, “the result is remarkable.” This story originally appeared on WIRED Czech Republic and Slovakia and has been translated from Czech.